Optimization, Stability, and Irritation Test of Halal Non-Aromatic Stick Deodorant
Abstract
High temperatures in Mecca cause pilgrims to sweat excessively, leading to body odor. Deodorant sticks are a practical solution that leaves no wet residue and can be developed as a fragrance-free halal cosmetic product suitable for pilgrims who avoid scented formulations during worship. This study aims to optimize the formulation, evaluate physical stability, and assess primary irritation in a halal, unscented stick deodorant based on sunflower seed oil. Formulation optimization was performed using the Simplex Lattice Design method with beeswax, stearic acid, and triethanolamine as the main components. The formulations were evaluated through accelerated testing, room-temperature testing, and irritation testing using albino rabbits. Evaluation parameters included organoleptic properties, homogeneity, adhesion, spreadability, and pH. Data were analyzed using the Paired t-Test in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and the Bonferroni Post Hoc test in Analysis of Variance. The optimal formulation contained 19.80% beeswax, 20% stearic acid, and 0.2% triethanolamine, with a desirability value of 0.926. This formulation demonstrated stable pH, adhesion, spreadability, and homogeneity. The stability test met the required parameters, with significant differences in adhesion and pH values (p = 0.008 and 0.005). The primary irritation test met the parameters with a very mild category that did not cause primary irritation. In conclusion, the optimal halal, fragrance-free sunflower seed oil-based deodorant stick exhibits good physical stability and very mild irritation, making it suitable as a halal cosmetic formulation for Hajj pilgrims.
References
Wilyanti, W. et al. (2021) ‘Pembuatan dan Uji Stabilitas Sediaan Deodoran Semprot Daun Sintrong (Crassocephalum crepidioides) dan Buah Jeruk Nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) sebagai Antibakteri’, J Holistic Health Sci, 5(2):129–34.
Gasparri, F. (2017) ‘On Demand Deodorant: Mechanism of Action and Efficacy’, Household Pers Care Today, 122(4):36–40.
Aboki, M.A. et al. (2012) ‘Physicochemical and Anti-Microbial Properties of Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.) Seed Oil’, Int J Sci Technol, 2(4):151–94.
Saefafuna, D. et al. (2019) ’Formulasi Sediaan Deodorant Stick dengan Tawas’, J Ilmu Teknol Kesehatan, 13(2):1–5.
Patel, M. et al. (2021) ‘Optimization of Glipizide Floating Matrix Tablet Using Simplex Lattice Design’, Indian J Pharm Sci, 83(2):297–306.
Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (2014) Farmakope Indonesia: Edisi V. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI.
Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan (2022) Uji Toksisitas Praklinik secara In Vivo. Jakarta: BPOM.
Hidayat, I.R. et al. (2020) ’Design-Expert Software sebagai Alat Optimasi Formulasi Sediaan Farmasi’, Majalah Farmasetika, 6(1):99–120.
Mariyam, .S. et al. (2024) ‘Prediction Using Response Surface Methodology: Effect of Fixed Carbon and Pyrolysis Operating Conditions’, Biomass Convers Bioref, 14(22):28879–92.
Ningrum, .A. et al. (2019) ‘Formulasi dan Uji Evaluasi Deodorant Stick’, J Ilmu Teknol Kesehatan, 6(1):10–6.
Rahmayanti, M. et al. (2023) ‘Determination of Physical Stability Spray Sunscreen of Extract Wungu Leay (Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff) with Varied Concentrations of Glycerine as A Humectant’, Res J Pharm Technol, 16(11):5245–9.
Suryani, E. et al. (2017) ’Formulasi dan Uji Stabilitas Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Terpurifikasi Daun Paliasa (Kleinhovia hospita L.)’, J Ilmiah Farmasi, 6(3):157–69.
Alyidrus, R. et al. (2014) ‘Formulation and Activity Test of Oil Spray Deodorant Preparations in Black Cumin Seeds (Nigella sativa L.) Against Staphylococcus epidermidis Causes of Body Odor’, J EduHealth, 15(1):735–52.
Amalina, F. et al. (2024) ‘Rahmayanti M, Syarifuddin S, Aktifa AF. Utilization of Wungu Leaf Extract (Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff.) in the Formulation of Spray Sunscreen as a Halal Cosmetic Preparation’, Res J Pharm Technol, 17(1):123–7.
Mawazi, S. M. et al. (2022) ‘Lipsticks History, Formulations, and Production: A Narrative Review’, Cosmetics, 9(1):25.
Indriatmoko, D. et al. (2021) ‘Formulation and physical evaluation of facial cream preparations from ceremai fruit juice (Phyllanthus acidus (l.) Skeels)’, Pharm Educm, 21(2):87–92.
Andriani, D. et al. (2019) ‘Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research’, Indones J Glob Health Res, 2(4):3193–202.
Maesaroh, I. et al. (2020) ‘Pratiwi D, Agustin L. Ointment Formulation and Test Safety from Sapodilla Manila Leaf Extract (Manilkara zapota L.) with Variation of Ointment Base as an Ulcer Medicine’, Indones J Pharmaceutics, 3(2):14–20.
Ramadhani, R.A. et al. (2017) ‘Riyadi DHS, Triwibowo B, Kusumaningtyas RD. Review Pemanfaatan Design Expert untuk Optimasi Komposisi Campuran Minyak Nabati sebagai Bahan Baku Sintesis Biodiesel’, J Teknik Kim Lingkungan, 1(1):11–6.
Ni’maturohmah, E. (2019) ‘Optimasi Pengeringan Chips Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) Skala Pilot Plant Menggunakan Rotary Oven Tray. Formulasi Sediaan Deodorant Stick dengan Tawas’, J Ilmu Teknol Kesehatan. 2019;13(2):1–5.
Pawestri,, .A. et al. (2023) ’Optimasi Komposisi Cera Alba dan Vaselinum Album dalam Sediaan Krim Kulit Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus polyrhizus Britton & Rose)’, J Farmasi Klin Sains, 3(2):44–57.
Ardhany. (2021) ‘Irritation Test of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.) Extract Cream With Human Patch Test Method’, J Farmasi Sains Praktis, 7(1):74–8
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
