Life Cycle Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Analysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch-Based Dimethyl Ether: A case study in Indonesia
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Published
Mar 13, 2026
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Abstract
The abundant residue of palm oil processing in Indonesia, such as oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB), has the potential to be converted into dimethyl ether (DME) that can be used as an LPG substitute. Therefore, this study assesses the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions when DME is
utilised as a substitute for LPG in Indonesia. The reduction in GHG emissions was calculated using a life cycle analysis of GHG emissions for OPEFB-based DME, and the results were compared with those of LPG and coal-based DME. The results show that the life cycle GHG emission of OPEFB-based DME is 1.47 kg-CO2 eq kg-DME-1. The GHG emission that can be reduced when LPG is substituted with OPEFB-based DME is 30%. Compared with coalbased DME projected to substitute LPG in Indonesia, the GHG emission reduction is 73%. The environmental burden of OPEFBbased DME is lower than that of LPG and coal-based DME, which shows that OPEFB-based DME is a more sustainable alternative. This study demonstrates that OPEFB-based DME produced in Kalimantan, Indonesia, has excellent development potential, particularly when it meets the GHG emissions reduction criteria.
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How to Cite
HERYADI, Rudy.
Life Cycle Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Analysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch-Based Dimethyl Ether: A case study in Indonesia.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Green Technology, [S.l.], v. 15, n. 1, mar. 2026.
ISSN 2580-7099.
Available at: <https://conferences.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/ICGT/article/view/3836>. Date accessed: 26 may 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18860/icgt.v15i1.3836.
Section
Environmental Science
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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[8] S. Andayani and E. S. Hayat, “Enrichment of Compost of Oil Palm Empty Bunches with Sea Mud and Rice Husk Biochar on Rice Plants in Acid Sulfate Soil,” AGRITECH, vol. XXI, no. 1, 2019.
[9] A. Molino, V. Larocca, S. Chianese, and D. Musmarra, “Biofuels production by biomass gasification: A review,” Energies, vol. 11, no. 4, 2018, doi: 10.3390/en11040811.
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[11] M. Marchionna, R. Patrini, D. Sanfilippo, and G. Migliavacca, “Fundamental investigations on dimethyl ether (DME) as LPG substitute or make-up for domestic uses,” Fuel Process. Technol., vol. 89, no. 12, pp. 1255–1261, 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2008.07.013.
[12] R. Anggarani, C. S. Wibowo, and D. Rulianto, “Application of dimethyl ether as LPG substitution for household stove,” Energy Procedia, vol. 47, pp. 227–234, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.218.
[13] KumparanBisnis, “PTBA Boss Targets DME as LPG Substitute Produced in 2026,” 2022. https://kumparan.com/kumparanbisnis/bos-ptba-target-dme-pengganti-lpg-diproduksi-tahun-2026-1yjfufv5fZO/full (accessed Dec. 01, 2022).
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[18] T. Silalertruksa, S. H. Gheewala, M. Sagisaka, and K. Yamaguchi, “Life cycle GHG analysis of rice straw bio-DME production and application in Thailand,” Appl. Energy, vol. 112, pp. 560–567, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.06.028.
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[20] A. M. Parvez, T. Wu, S. Li, N. Miles, and I. M. Mujtaba, “Bio-DME production based on conventional and CO 2 -enhanced gasification of biomass: A comparative study on exergy and environmental impacts,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 110, no. September 2017, pp. 105–113, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.01.016.
[21] M. Higo and K. Dowaki, “A Life Cycle Analysis on a Bio-DME production system considering the species of biomass feedstock in Japan and Papua New Guinea,” Appl. Energy, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 58–67, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.08.030.
[22] N. Lecksiwilai, S. H. Gheewala, M. Sagisaka, and K. Yamaguchi, “Net Energy Ratio and Life cycle greenhouse gases (GHG) assessment of bio-dimethyl ether (DME) produced from various agricultural residues in Thailand,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 134, no. Part B, pp. 523–531, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.085.
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[28] S. S. Harsono, A. Prochnow, P. Grundmann, A. Hansen, and C. Hallmann, “Energy balances and greenhouse gas emissions of palm oil biodiesel in Indonesia,” GCB Bioenergy, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 213–228, 2012, doi: 10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01118.x.
[29] M. Aziz, P. Prawisudha, B. Prabowo, and B. Arief, “Integration of energy-efficient empty fruit bunch drying with gasification / combined cycle systems,” Appl. Energy, vol. 139, pp. 188–195, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.11.038.
[30] J. Andersson and J. Lundgren, “Techno-economic analysis of ammonia production via integrated biomass gasification,” Appl. Energy, vol. 130, pp. 484–490, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.02.029.
[31] P.-C. Chen, H.-M. Chiu, Y.-P. Chyou, and C.-S. Yu, “Processes Simulation Study of Coal to Methanol Based on Gasification Technology,” World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol., vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 791–799, 2010, [Online]. Available: http://waset.org/Publications?p=41
[32] L. R. Clausen, B. Elmegaard, and N. Houbak, “Technoeconomic analysis of a low CO2 emission dimethyl ether (DME) plant based on gasification of torrefied biomass,” energy, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 4831–4842, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2010.09.004.
[33] Y. Zhang, J. Xiao, and L. Shen, “Simulation of Methanol production from biomass gasification in interconnected fluidised beds,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., vol. 48, pp. 5351–5359, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.08.002.
[34] H. Florence and A. Bour, “Modelling and Optimisation of a Process from Biomass to Liquid Fuels via Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis,” Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2016.
[35] R. Heryadi, A. S. Uyun, E. Yandri, S. M. Nur, and K. Abdullah, “Palmemptyfruitbunch gasificationsimulationin circulating fluidised bed gasifier,” in E3S Web of Conferences, 2018, vol. 67. doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/20186702043.
[36] R. Heryadi, A. S. Uyun, E. Yandri, S. M. Nur, and K. Abdullah, “Single stage dimethyl ether plant model based on gasification of palm empty fruit bunch,” IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 532, no. 1, 2019, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/532/1/012009.
[37] J. Han, Y. Choi, and J. Kim, “Development of the Process Model and Optimal Drying Conditions of Biomass Power Plants,” ACS Omega, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 2811–2818, 2020, doi: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03557.
[38] J. Montoya, C. Valdés, H. Chaquea, M. B. Pecha, and F. Chejne, “Surplus electricity production and LCOE estimation in Colombian palm oil mills using empty fresh bunches (EFB) as fuel,” Energy, vol. 202, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.117713.
[39] K. Andersson and F. Johnsson, “Process evaluation of an 865 MWe lignite fired O2/CO2 power plant,” Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 47, no. 18–19, pp. 3487–3498, 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2005.10.017.
[40] W. Doherty, A. Reynolds, and D. Kennedy, “Simulation of a Circulating Fluidised Bed Biomass Gasifier using ASPEN Plus : a Performance Analysis,” Dublin Inst. Technol., pp. 1241–1248, 2008.
[41] O. Bolland and P. Mathieu, “Comparison of two CO2 removal options in combined cycle power plants,” Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 39, no. 16–18, pp. 1653–1663, 1998, doi: 10.1016/s0196-8904(98)00078-8.
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