BEYOND RELIGIOUS BOUNDARIES: EXPRESSING THE ATTRACTION OF HALAL PRODUCTS FOR NON-MUSLIM
Abstract
This study explores the shifting meaning of halal products beyond their religious dimension, highlighting their growing appeal to non-Muslim consumers in Indonesia and other Asian nations, including Japan and South Korea. Halal is no longer perceived solely as a marker of Islamic religiosity but increasingly as a symbol of quality assurance, hygiene, and food safety. Through a qualitative approach, complemented by literature review, surveys, and case studies, the results indicate reveal that non-Muslim consumers associate halal with strict production standards, transparency in supply chains, and assurance of safe ingredients. The segmentation of non-Muslim consumers shows diverse motivations, including quality, health consciousness, lifestyle trends, solidarity, and accessibility. Empirical data and global reports demonstrate that halal is now positioned alongside international labels such as organic, eco-friendly, and non-GMO, making it a universal value proposition. However, challenges remain, such as the perception of halal as an exclusive religious label, limited consumer literacy, and the high cost of certification. This study concludes that halal has the potential to serve as both an inclusive market strategy and a form of cross-cultural economic diplomacy, bridging religious boundaries while reinforcing consumer trust in the global market.
References
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Azam, M. S. E., & Abdullah, M. A. (2020). Global Halal Industry: Realities and Opportunities. International Journal of Islamic Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.30659/ijibe.5.1.47-59
Aziz, Y. A., Hussin, S. R., Nezakati, H., Raja Yusof, R. N., & Hashim, H. (2018). The effect of socio-demographic variables and travel characteristics on motivation of Muslim family tourists in Malaysia. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 9(2), 222–239. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-03-2016-0016
Billah, A., Rahman, M. A., & Hossain, M. T. Bin. (2020). Factors influencing Muslim and non-Muslim consumers’ consumption behavior: A case study on halal food. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 23(4), 324–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/15378020.2020.1768040
Bonne, K., & Verbeke, W. (2008a). Muslim consumer trust in halal meat status and control in Belgium. Meat Science, 79(1), 113–123.
Bonne, K., & Verbeke, W. (2008b). Religious values informing halal meat production and the control and delivery of halal credence quality. Agriculture and Human Values, 25, 35–47.
Bukhari, S. F. H., Woodside, F. M., Hassan, R., Hussain, S., & Khurram, S. (2022). Exploring the motives behind the purchase of western imported food products. A phenomenological study from a Muslim-dominated region. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 13(2), 481–507. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-05-2020-0139
Camillo, A. A., Marques, J., Holt, S., & Hu, J. (2014). Creating global competitiveness through culture and religion: An insight into the global strategic evolution and marketing of the halal food industry. In Handbook of Research on Effective Marketing in Contemporary Globalism (pp. 335–347). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6220-9.ch019
Camillo, C. A., Burtin, C., Hornikx, M., Demeyer, H., De Bent, K., van Remoortel, H., Osadnik, C. R., Janssens, W., & Troosters, T. (2015). Physiological responses during downhill walking: A new exercise modality for subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Chronic Respiratory Disease, 12(2), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1479972315575717
Dahlal, N. M., Saniff, S. M., & Noh, C. N. C. (2024). Harmonising food safety and friendly service through halal and toyyib principles. Halalsphere, 4(1), 80–87.
El-Bassiouny, N., Hammad, H., Paul, P., & Mukhopadhyay. (2014). “Antecedents and Consequences of Consumers’ Attitudinal Dispositions toward Cause-Related Marketing in Egypt”, Journal of Islamic Marketing (accepted). Journal of Islamic Marketing, 5, 414–445. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-10-2013-0076
Farhan, F., & Sutikno, B. (2024). The Acceptance of Halal Food Products Among Non-Muslim Consumers in Indonesia. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing, 36(2), 125–146. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08974438.2022.2067281
Gbadamosi, A., Fletcher, K.-A., Sani, K., Panditharathna, R., & Bamber, D. J. (2021). Exploring the role of religion in consumer decision-making processes: Perspectives on developing nations. In Religion and Consumer Behaviour in Developing Nations (pp. 76–115). https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85130657413&partnerID=40&md5=95298e172e04c9fc75e6d3c3f8bc9be5
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Haque, A., Sarwar, A., Yasmin, F., Tarofder, A. K., & Hossain, M. A. (2015). Non-muslim consumers’ perception toward purchasing halal food products in malaysia. Journal of Islamic Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-04-2014-0033
Himmah, F., & Faslah, R. (2025). Peran Standarisasi halal Dalam Membangun Daya Tarik Konsumen yang Sangat Kuat Terhadap Suatu Produk di Dalam Industri Pasar Global. Journal of Business Economics and Management| E-ISSN: 3063-8968, 1(4), 1231–1241. https://jurnal.globalscients.com/index.php/jbem/article/view/463
Idris, I., Alias, S. S., & Singh, S. K. N. (2020). Perception of muslim consumers towards halal branding in advertising. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 9, 2004–2011. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2020.09.235
Ingels, L. (2020). The Attraction of Korea: An empirical study on how country-of-origin affects consumers’ perception and purchase intentions of Korean beauty products.
Izberk-Bilgin, E., & Nakata, C. C. (2016). A new look at faith-based marketing: The global halal market. Business Horizons, 59(3), 285–292. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2016.01.005
Jamal, A., & Sharifuddin, J. (2015). Perceived value and perceived usefulness of halal labeling: The role of religion and culture. Journal of Business Research, 68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.09.020
Kamiliyah, N. (2024). Dinamika Industri Halal di Indonesia: Analisis Aspek Permintaan. PROFJES: Profetik Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah, 3(1). https://doi.org/DOI : 10.24952/profjes.v3i1.11378
Khan, M. I., & Haleem, A. (2016). Understanding “halal” and “halal certification & accreditation system”-a brief review. Saudi Journal of Business and Management Studies, 1(1), 32–42. http://scholarsmepub.com/sjbms/
Khan, M. M., Asad, H., & Mehboob, I. (2017). Investigating the consumer behavior for halal endorsed products: Case of an emerging Muslim market. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 8(4), 625–641. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-09-2015-0068
Koswara, A., & Herlina, L. (2025). Global trends in the halal beauty and skincare industry: A search engine-based market analysis. International Journal of Halal Industry, 1(1), 84–99. https://doi.org/https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5244-6698
Masruroh, N. (2020). Dinamika Identitas Dan Religiusitas Pada Branding Halal Di Indonesia. ISLAMICA: Jurnal Studi Keislaman, 14(2), 317–338.
Nastity, A. D. A. (2021). Strategi Diplomasi Publik Jepang dalam Pengembangan Halal Tourism= Japanese Public Diplomacy Strategy in the Development of Halal Tourism. Universitas Hasanuddin.
Noname. (2025). State of the Global Islamic Economy (SGIE) 2024/2025 Report. https://salaamgateway.com/reports/the-state-of-the-global-islamic-economy-sgie-202425-report-2
Putri, N. I. A., Karseno, K., Fuadah, D. K., Firdausi, H. M., Ulhusna, S., & Prabowo, M. A. B. (2021). The Potential of Halal Food Business in Asia and Europe with Majority of Non-Muslim Communities. Al-Kharaj: Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan & Bisnis Syariah, 3(3), 335–349. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47467/alkharaj.v4i1.396
Qadir, R. L., Eleshin, M. A., & Adebayo, A. M. (2025). Development of Sustainable Value Chain Framework for Halal Opportunities in Green Economy: A Systematic Review. In Green and Blue Economy Frameworks for Halal Industry Sustainability (pp. 275–299). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-1729-6_15
Rahman, R., Zahari, M. S. M., Hanafiah, M. H., & Mamat, M. N. (2021). Effect of Halal Food Knowledge and Trust on Muslim Consumer Purchase Behavior of Syubhah Semi-Processed Food Products. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 27(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/DOI:10.1080/10454446.2021.1994079
Rahmayanti, S. (2024). Halal dalam arus gaya hidup masa kini: Antara tren kekinian dan nilai islami. Equality: Journal of Islamic Law (EJIL), 2(2), 51–60. https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.15575/ejil.v2i2.542
Ramli, M. A., Abd Razak, M. A., & Jaafar, M. H. (2023). Understanding non-Muslims’ reluctance to halal food: a systematic review. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 14(2), 544–561.
Reuters. (2021). Special Reports from Reuters journalists around the world. https://www.reuters.com/investigates/section/reuters-investigates-2021/
Rifaldy, Y. (2022). Kontribusi Pelaksanaan Halal Restaurant Week 2019 Bagi Pencapaian Diplomasi Publik Korea Selatan. Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif ….
Ropikoh, S., Mardiah, M., & Akil, S. (2021). Trend Konsumsi Produk Halal Pada Generasi Z Di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0 (Halal Product Consumption Trends in Generation Z in the Era of Industrial Revolution 4.0.). Jurnal Ilmiah Pangan Halal, 3(2), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.30997/jiph.v3i2.9705
Saleh, H., & Rajandran, T. (2025). Concept of Halal among Non-Muslim Community in Malaysia. International Journal Of Academic Research In Business And Social Sciences, 15(1), 405–419. https://doi.org/DOI:10.6007/IJARBSS/v15-i1/24096
Shahbaz, M., Topcu, B., Sümerli̇ Sarigül, S., & Vinh, V. X. (2021). The effect of financial development on renewable energy demand: The case of developing countries. Renewable Energy, 178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.06.121
Shamshad, S. (2023). MUSLIM CONSUMERS’PURCHASE DECISION-MAKING OF HALAL MEAT IN GEORGIA BASED ON ENGEL-BLACKWELL-MINIARD MODEL.
Susetyohadi, A., Adha, M. A., Utami, A. D., & Rini, D. E. S. (2021). Pengaruh Sertifikasi Halal Terhadap Kesetiaan Konsumen Pada Produk Makanan dan Minuman: Studi Kasus Konsumen Non-Muslim di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam, 7(1), 285–292.
Tahira, I. (2022). Muslim consumers’ perceptions of marketing Korea a Muslim-friendly and halal tourism destination: future implications. Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia, 26(2), 95–104. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7454/hubs.asia.1090422
Takeshita, S. (2020). Halal certification or ingredient disclosure: A comparative analysis of serving food in Japanese tourist destinations. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(3), 765–781. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-07-2018-0129
Tieman, M., & Faridah, H. (2015). Convergence of food systems: Kosher, Christian and Halal. British Food Journal, 117. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-02-2015-0058
Wijayanti, R., & Meftahudin, M. (2018). Kaidah Fiqh dan Ushul Fiqh Tentang Produk Halal, Metode Istinbath dan Ijtihad dalam Menetapkan Hukum Produk Halal. International Journal Ihya’’Ulum Al-Din, 20(2), 241–268. https://doi.org/DOI : 10.21580/ihya.20.2.4048
Wilson, J., & Liu, J. (2010). Shaping the< IT> Halal into a brand? Journal of Islamic Marketing, 1. https://doi.org/10.1108/17590831011055851
Adnan, L. (2025). Halal Certification Builds Legal Confidence and Market Trust Says BPJPH. The Halal Time. https://www.halaltimes.com/halal-certification-builds-legal-confidence-and-market-trust-says-bpjph/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Al Maskari, A. (2015). Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) Ajzen (1988). In Information Seeking Behavior and Technology Adoption: Theories and Trends (pp. 237–260). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8156-9.ch015
Azam, M. S. E., & Abdullah, M. A. (2020). Global Halal Industry: Realities and Opportunities. International Journal of Islamic Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.30659/ijibe.5.1.47-59
Aziz, Y. A., Hussin, S. R., Nezakati, H., Raja Yusof, R. N., & Hashim, H. (2018). The effect of socio-demographic variables and travel characteristics on motivation of Muslim family tourists in Malaysia. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 9(2), 222–239. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-03-2016-0016
Billah, A., Rahman, M. A., & Hossain, M. T. Bin. (2020). Factors influencing Muslim and non-Muslim consumers’ consumption behavior: A case study on halal food. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 23(4), 324–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/15378020.2020.1768040
Bonne, K., & Verbeke, W. (2008a). Muslim consumer trust in halal meat status and control in Belgium. Meat Science, 79(1), 113–123.
Bonne, K., & Verbeke, W. (2008b). Religious values informing halal meat production and the control and delivery of halal credence quality. Agriculture and Human Values, 25, 35–47.
Bukhari, S. F. H., Woodside, F. M., Hassan, R., Hussain, S., & Khurram, S. (2022). Exploring the motives behind the purchase of western imported food products. A phenomenological study from a Muslim-dominated region. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 13(2), 481–507. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-05-2020-0139
Camillo, A. A., Marques, J., Holt, S., & Hu, J. (2014). Creating global competitiveness through culture and religion: An insight into the global strategic evolution and marketing of the halal food industry. In Handbook of Research on Effective Marketing in Contemporary Globalism (pp. 335–347). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6220-9.ch019
Camillo, C. A., Burtin, C., Hornikx, M., Demeyer, H., De Bent, K., van Remoortel, H., Osadnik, C. R., Janssens, W., & Troosters, T. (2015). Physiological responses during downhill walking: A new exercise modality for subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Chronic Respiratory Disease, 12(2), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1479972315575717
Dahlal, N. M., Saniff, S. M., & Noh, C. N. C. (2024). Harmonising food safety and friendly service through halal and toyyib principles. Halalsphere, 4(1), 80–87.
El-Bassiouny, N., Hammad, H., Paul, P., & Mukhopadhyay. (2014). “Antecedents and Consequences of Consumers’ Attitudinal Dispositions toward Cause-Related Marketing in Egypt”, Journal of Islamic Marketing (accepted). Journal of Islamic Marketing, 5, 414–445. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-10-2013-0076
Farhan, F., & Sutikno, B. (2024). The Acceptance of Halal Food Products Among Non-Muslim Consumers in Indonesia. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing, 36(2), 125–146. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08974438.2022.2067281
Gbadamosi, A., Fletcher, K.-A., Sani, K., Panditharathna, R., & Bamber, D. J. (2021). Exploring the role of religion in consumer decision-making processes: Perspectives on developing nations. In Religion and Consumer Behaviour in Developing Nations (pp. 76–115). https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85130657413&partnerID=40&md5=95298e172e04c9fc75e6d3c3f8bc9be5
Halimy, N. N. A. (2023). Non-Muslim companies dominate halal certification ownership in M’sia, reveals Jakim data. Sinar Daily. https://www.sinardaily.my/article/198314/focus/national/non-muslim-companies-dominate-halal-certification-ownership-in-msia-reveals-jakim-data
Haque, A., Sarwar, A., Yasmin, F., Tarofder, A. K., & Hossain, M. A. (2015). Non-muslim consumers’ perception toward purchasing halal food products in malaysia. Journal of Islamic Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-04-2014-0033
Himmah, F., & Faslah, R. (2025). Peran Standarisasi halal Dalam Membangun Daya Tarik Konsumen yang Sangat Kuat Terhadap Suatu Produk di Dalam Industri Pasar Global. Journal of Business Economics and Management| E-ISSN: 3063-8968, 1(4), 1231–1241. https://jurnal.globalscients.com/index.php/jbem/article/view/463
Idris, I., Alias, S. S., & Singh, S. K. N. (2020). Perception of muslim consumers towards halal branding in advertising. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 9, 2004–2011. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2020.09.235
Ingels, L. (2020). The Attraction of Korea: An empirical study on how country-of-origin affects consumers’ perception and purchase intentions of Korean beauty products.
Izberk-Bilgin, E., & Nakata, C. C. (2016). A new look at faith-based marketing: The global halal market. Business Horizons, 59(3), 285–292. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2016.01.005
Jamal, A., & Sharifuddin, J. (2015). Perceived value and perceived usefulness of halal labeling: The role of religion and culture. Journal of Business Research, 68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.09.020
Kamiliyah, N. (2024). Dinamika Industri Halal di Indonesia: Analisis Aspek Permintaan. PROFJES: Profetik Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah, 3(1). https://doi.org/DOI : 10.24952/profjes.v3i1.11378
Khan, M. I., & Haleem, A. (2016). Understanding “halal” and “halal certification & accreditation system”-a brief review. Saudi Journal of Business and Management Studies, 1(1), 32–42. http://scholarsmepub.com/sjbms/
Khan, M. M., Asad, H., & Mehboob, I. (2017). Investigating the consumer behavior for halal endorsed products: Case of an emerging Muslim market. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 8(4), 625–641. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-09-2015-0068
Koswara, A., & Herlina, L. (2025). Global trends in the halal beauty and skincare industry: A search engine-based market analysis. International Journal of Halal Industry, 1(1), 84–99. https://doi.org/https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5244-6698
Masruroh, N. (2020). Dinamika Identitas Dan Religiusitas Pada Branding Halal Di Indonesia. ISLAMICA: Jurnal Studi Keislaman, 14(2), 317–338.
Nastity, A. D. A. (2021). Strategi Diplomasi Publik Jepang dalam Pengembangan Halal Tourism= Japanese Public Diplomacy Strategy in the Development of Halal Tourism. Universitas Hasanuddin.
Noname. (2025). State of the Global Islamic Economy (SGIE) 2024/2025 Report. https://salaamgateway.com/reports/the-state-of-the-global-islamic-economy-sgie-202425-report-2
Putri, N. I. A., Karseno, K., Fuadah, D. K., Firdausi, H. M., Ulhusna, S., & Prabowo, M. A. B. (2021). The Potential of Halal Food Business in Asia and Europe with Majority of Non-Muslim Communities. Al-Kharaj: Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan & Bisnis Syariah, 3(3), 335–349. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47467/alkharaj.v4i1.396
Qadir, R. L., Eleshin, M. A., & Adebayo, A. M. (2025). Development of Sustainable Value Chain Framework for Halal Opportunities in Green Economy: A Systematic Review. In Green and Blue Economy Frameworks for Halal Industry Sustainability (pp. 275–299). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-1729-6_15
Rahman, R., Zahari, M. S. M., Hanafiah, M. H., & Mamat, M. N. (2021). Effect of Halal Food Knowledge and Trust on Muslim Consumer Purchase Behavior of Syubhah Semi-Processed Food Products. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 27(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/DOI:10.1080/10454446.2021.1994079
Rahmayanti, S. (2024). Halal dalam arus gaya hidup masa kini: Antara tren kekinian dan nilai islami. Equality: Journal of Islamic Law (EJIL), 2(2), 51–60. https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.15575/ejil.v2i2.542
Ramli, M. A., Abd Razak, M. A., & Jaafar, M. H. (2023). Understanding non-Muslims’ reluctance to halal food: a systematic review. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 14(2), 544–561.
Reuters. (2021). Special Reports from Reuters journalists around the world. https://www.reuters.com/investigates/section/reuters-investigates-2021/
Rifaldy, Y. (2022). Kontribusi Pelaksanaan Halal Restaurant Week 2019 Bagi Pencapaian Diplomasi Publik Korea Selatan. Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif ….
Ropikoh, S., Mardiah, M., & Akil, S. (2021). Trend Konsumsi Produk Halal Pada Generasi Z Di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0 (Halal Product Consumption Trends in Generation Z in the Era of Industrial Revolution 4.0.). Jurnal Ilmiah Pangan Halal, 3(2), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.30997/jiph.v3i2.9705
Saleh, H., & Rajandran, T. (2025). Concept of Halal among Non-Muslim Community in Malaysia. International Journal Of Academic Research In Business And Social Sciences, 15(1), 405–419. https://doi.org/DOI:10.6007/IJARBSS/v15-i1/24096
Shahbaz, M., Topcu, B., Sümerli̇ Sarigül, S., & Vinh, V. X. (2021). The effect of financial development on renewable energy demand: The case of developing countries. Renewable Energy, 178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.06.121
Shamshad, S. (2023). MUSLIM CONSUMERS’PURCHASE DECISION-MAKING OF HALAL MEAT IN GEORGIA BASED ON ENGEL-BLACKWELL-MINIARD MODEL.
Susetyohadi, A., Adha, M. A., Utami, A. D., & Rini, D. E. S. (2021). Pengaruh Sertifikasi Halal Terhadap Kesetiaan Konsumen Pada Produk Makanan dan Minuman: Studi Kasus Konsumen Non-Muslim di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam, 7(1), 285–292.
Tahira, I. (2022). Muslim consumers’ perceptions of marketing Korea a Muslim-friendly and halal tourism destination: future implications. Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia, 26(2), 95–104. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7454/hubs.asia.1090422
Takeshita, S. (2020). Halal certification or ingredient disclosure: A comparative analysis of serving food in Japanese tourist destinations. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(3), 765–781. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-07-2018-0129
Tieman, M., & Faridah, H. (2015). Convergence of food systems: Kosher, Christian and Halal. British Food Journal, 117. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-02-2015-0058
Wijayanti, R., & Meftahudin, M. (2018). Kaidah Fiqh dan Ushul Fiqh Tentang Produk Halal, Metode Istinbath dan Ijtihad dalam Menetapkan Hukum Produk Halal. International Journal Ihya’’Ulum Al-Din, 20(2), 241–268. https://doi.org/DOI : 10.21580/ihya.20.2.4048
Wilson, J., & Liu, J. (2010). Shaping the< IT> Halal into a brand? Journal of Islamic Marketing, 1. https://doi.org/10.1108/17590831011055851
Published
2025-10-02
How to Cite
ATIEQOH, Siti; KUSTINI, Kustini; WARNIS, Warnis.
BEYOND RELIGIOUS BOUNDARIES: EXPRESSING THE ATTRACTION OF HALAL PRODUCTS FOR NON-MUSLIM.
Proceedings of the International Conference of Islamic Economics and Business (ICONIES), [S.l.], v. 11, n. 1, p. 143-156, oct. 2025.
ISSN 2541-3333.
Available at: <https://conferences.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/iconies/article/view/3491>. Date accessed: 15 may 2026.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
